The International Journal of Economics and Development (IJED) recognizes that generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies can support scholarly writing, research, data processing, and editorial work when used responsibly, transparently, and under meaningful human oversight. This policy applies to authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial staff involved in the submission, peer-review, editing, and publication processes of IJED.
This policy is informed by principles of responsible publication ethics, research integrity, transparency, accountability, and appropriate authorship as promoted by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Authors may use generative AI or AI-assisted tools to support the preparation of a manuscript, including:
However, generative AI must not replace the author's scholarly judgment, critical thinking, research design, interpretation of evidence, theoretical reasoning, or responsibility for the scientific argument.
Authors remain fully responsible and accountable for all content submitted to IJED, including:
Any AI-generated or AI-assisted content must be carefully reviewed, critically evaluated, edited, and verified by the authors before submission.
Any substantive use of generative AI or AI-assisted technologies during manuscript preparation must be disclosed transparently.
The disclosure should appear in the manuscript before the References section under the following heading:
Authors may use the following statement:
During the preparation of this manuscript, the author(s) used [name of AI tool/service] for [specific purpose, e.g., language editing, grammar checking, translation assistance, or improving readability]. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed, edited, and verified the content as needed and take full responsibility for the final content of the manuscript.
If no generative AI or AI-assisted technology was used, authors may state:
The author(s) declare that no generative AI or AI-assisted technologies were used in the writing process of this manuscript.
The disclosure should accurately describe what tool was used and for what purpose. Authors should not make a false declaration concerning the use or non-use of AI.
Generative AI systems, chatbots, large language models (LLMs), or other AI technologies cannot be listed as authors or co-authors of manuscripts submitted to IJED.
Authorship is restricted to human individuals who have made substantial scholarly contributions to the research and who are able to take responsibility for the published work.
AI tools cannot:
Accordingly, AI tools must not be included in the author list.
Authors must exercise particular caution when using AI-generated information.
Generative AI must not be relied upon as an authoritative source for creating or verifying:
Authors are responsible for independently verifying all information produced or assisted by AI against reliable and traceable sources.
AI systems may produce inaccurate information, fabricated references, incorrect quotations, unsupported claims, or misleading interpretations. Authors therefore must verify AI-assisted material before incorporating it into a manuscript.
The submission of fabricated references, false data, manipulated results, plagiarism, or misleading information generated through AI may constitute a breach of publication ethics and may result in editorial action.
Depending on the circumstances, editorial action may include:
IJED's approach is consistent with the broader principle that journals should establish procedures for identifying and responding to potential ethical concerns in scholarly publishing.
Authors must disclose the use of generative AI when AI is used to create or substantially modify:
AI-generated visual materials may only be used where their use is scientifically and ethically appropriate and does not violate:
Authors must be able to explain the origin and method of production of AI-assisted visual materials when requested by the editors.
AI-generated images must not be presented as authentic empirical evidence, original photographs, experimental results, field observations, or other factual research evidence when they are not such evidence.
For research in which visual materials constitute empirical evidence, AI must not be used to fabricate or materially manipulate evidence in a misleading manner.
AI-assisted technologies may be used as part of the research process when methodologically appropriate.
Examples include:
When AI contributes substantively to the research process, authors should disclose its use in the Methods or another appropriate section of the manuscript.
The disclosure should, where relevant, identify:
Authors remain responsible for the methodological validity, accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of research results, regardless of whether AI-assisted technologies were used.
Reviewers, editors, and editorial staff must maintain the confidentiality of manuscripts and all unpublished information received during the editorial process.
Reviewers and editors must not upload confidential manuscripts, unpublished research data, reviewer reports, editorial correspondence, or other confidential submission materials to publicly accessible or external generative AI systems where such use could compromise confidentiality, authors' rights, privacy, or intellectual property.
AI tools must not be used to replace the independent scholarly judgment of reviewers or editors.
Reviewers remain responsible for:
Similarly, editors remain responsible for editorial decisions and must not delegate substantive editorial judgment to an AI system.
COPE emphasizes the importance of appropriate editorial processes, confidentiality, ethical oversight, and clear responsibilities within journal management.
Reviewers may use AI-assisted tools for limited non-substantive purposes only where confidentiality can be fully protected and the journal's requirements permit such use.
For example, AI may potentially assist with:
However, reviewers remain fully responsible for the content and scholarly judgment expressed in their review.
Reviewers must not use AI to:
IJED may use appropriate AI-assisted technologies for limited administrative or technical purposes, provided that such use is consistent with confidentiality, data protection, research integrity, and publication ethics.
Possible applications may include:
AI-assisted screening does not constitute a final editorial judgment.
All substantive editorial decisions remain the responsibility of the authorized editors of IJED.
AI-generated recommendations or screening results must be treated as supporting information rather than an automatic basis for rejection, acceptance, or other editorial decisions.
Authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial staff must consider intellectual property and data-protection requirements when using AI technologies.
Users of AI tools are responsible for ensuring that their use of such tools does not improperly disclose:
Where third-party AI services are used, users should consider the service's terms of use, data handling practices, confidentiality provisions, and applicable intellectual property requirements.
The use of AI does not transfer responsibility for compliance with copyright or other applicable legal and ethical requirements to the AI provider.
The use of generative AI does not exempt authors from IJED's standards concerning originality and research integrity.
The following practices are considered inappropriate:
Authors remain responsible for ensuring that their manuscripts satisfy IJED's standards for originality, accuracy, transparency, and scholarly integrity.
The use of AI does not reduce or transfer the responsibilities of the authors.
Authors must retain meaningful human control and intellectual responsibility over the manuscript.
Before submission, authors should ensure that:
The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all co-authors are aware of and comply with this policy.
IJED reserves the right to request clarification from authors concerning the use of generative AI or AI-assisted technologies at any stage of the publication process.
If the editorial team identifies concerns regarding AI use, the journal may request:
Where inappropriate AI use is established, IJED may take appropriate editorial action, including:
Such decisions will be based on the circumstances and seriousness of the issue.
IJED may use technological tools, including AI-assisted screening systems, as part of its editorial quality-control processes.
However, AI-detection results alone should not be treated as definitive proof of misconduct.
Any concerns identified through automated tools should be evaluated by qualified editors and, where necessary, investigated through appropriate editorial procedures.
The journal may request additional information from authors before reaching an editorial conclusion.
Because AI technologies and their applications continue to develop rapidly, IJED may periodically review and update this policy.
Updates may take into consideration:
Authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial staff are expected to comply with the version of the policy applicable at the time of their participation in the editorial process.
For convenience, IJED recommends that authors include one of the following declarations.
Declaration of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Writing Process
During the preparation of this manuscript, the author(s) used [name of AI tool/service] for [describe purpose]. The author(s) subsequently reviewed, edited, and verified all AI-assisted content and take full responsibility for the accuracy, originality, integrity, and final content of the manuscript.
Declaration of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Writing Process
The author(s) declare that no generative AI or AI-assisted technologies were used in the writing process of this manuscript.
Declaration of AI-Assisted Research
During the research process, the author(s) used [name of AI tool/system] for [describe function, e.g., data processing, coding, text classification, or qualitative analysis]. The use of the tool was subject to human supervision and verification. The author(s) remain fully responsible for the research methodology, data, analysis, interpretation, and conclusions presented in this manuscript.
The fundamental principle of IJED's Generative AI Policy is:
AI may assist scholarly work, but it cannot replace human authorship, scholarly judgment, research responsibility, or accountability.
All authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial staff are expected to use AI technologies responsibly, transparently, ethically, and with appropriate human oversight.
This policy is aligned with broader publication-ethics principles concerning responsible authorship, editorial accountability, confidentiality, and procedures for addressing ethical concerns in scholarly publishing.
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